Your A-to-Z Awareness Guide of Women's Health Conditions
As we step into a new year, there’s no better time to prioritize our health and well-being. This guide brings together some of the most common and impactful health conditions affecting women, especially those in midlife and beyond. These conditions were selected to raise awareness of issues that are particularly relevant to women as they navigate different stages of life, whether that’s managing hormonal shifts, staying on top of preventive screenings or spotting symptoms early.
With this A-to-Z guide, you’ll have a quick-reference tool for understanding what might be happening with your body and when a visit to the doctor could make all the difference. Let’s get ready for a healthier, more informed year ahead!
A-D
E-H
I-L
M-P
Q-T
U-X
A
Autoimmune Diseases
Breast Cancer
B
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Cervical Cancer
C
Diabetes
D
Autoimmune Diseases
A
Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own cells, confusing them with harmful invaders. This process causes inflammation and damage to organs, tissues and/or glands. There are over 80 different types of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and multiple sclerosis. While the exact causes are not fully understood, genetics, environmental factors, infections and hormonal shifts are thought to contribute to their development.
Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
Women are disproportionately affected by autoimmune diseases, accounting for nearly 80% of cases. This may be due to hormonal influences (especially estrogen), which can affect immune function. Autoimmune diseases often develop during a woman’s reproductive years, potentially impacting fertility, pregnancy and overall health.
Some, like lupus, are also more severe in women, particularly among certain racial and ethnic groups. As these diseases can worsen without treatment, it’s crucial for women to recognize symptoms and seek early intervention.
Heart Disease
H
Gingivitis
G
Fibromyalgia
F
Endometriosis
E
If you experience persistent symptoms such as joint pain, fatigue, muscle weakness, unexplained skin rashes or digestive issues, it’s wise to consult a doctor. Worsening symptoms or a family history of autoimmune disease are also reasons to seek medical advice. Early diagnosis can help prevent complications and improve long-term outcomes.
of women are disproportionately affected by autoimmune diseases
80%
While there is no cure for autoimmune diseases, treatments aim to manage symptoms and control inflammation. Options may include medications like anti-inflammatory drugs, immune-suppressants, lifestyle changes and, in some cases, physical therapy or specialized diets. Working closely with a healthcare provider to tailor a treatment plan is essential for managing the condition effectively.
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Y-Z
Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the type and stage of breast cancer and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy or targeted drug therapy. Advances in personalized medicine allow treatments to be tailored to a patient’s genetic profile, offering more effective outcomes.
Consult your doctor if you notice any changes in your breasts, such as lumps, dimpling, nipple discharge or changes in size or shape. Even without symptoms, women should begin routine mammograms at age 40, or earlier if they have a high-risk profile.
“By talking to your healthcare team about your personal risk factors, including family history, breast density, history of prior breast biopsies and other risk factors, we can identify women who may have an increased risk of breast cancer, who may benefit from more intensive screening protocols, which may include breast MRI in addition to mammograms,” Agrawal says.
Approximately one in eight women in the U.S. will develop breast cancer in their lifetime, with risk increasing with age. While breast cancer can happen to anyone, Dr. Laila Agrawal, an oncologist specializing in breast health in Louisville, Kentucky, says certain factors can increase the risk.
“Some risk factors are out of our control, like family history, genetic mutations, age, menstrual history and breast density,” Agrawal says. “Other factors are modifiable, meaning we can take action to change our risk. This includes maintaining a healthy body weight, reducing or eliminating alcohol and staying physically active.”
Regular screenings are critical, as early detection significantly improves survival rates. Breast cancer can also disproportionately affect women of color, who often face higher mortality rates due to disparities in access to care.
Approximately one in eight women in the U.S. will develop breast cancer in their lifetime, with risk increasing with age.
Some risk factors are out of our control, like family history, genetic mutations, age, menstrual history and breast density. Other factors are modifiable, meaning we can take action to change our risk.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting women worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in the U.S. It occurs when cells in the breast grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor that can invade surrounding tissues or spread to other parts of the body. Types of breast cancer include invasive ductal carcinoma and invasive lobular carcinoma, among others. Genetics, hormonal factors and lifestyle choices are major contributors to risk.
Breast Cancer
B
Next: Breast Cancer
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Lyme Disease
L
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Kidney Disease
K
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Joint Disorders
J
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Interstital Cystitis
I
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Perimenopause
P
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Osteoporosis
O
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Nutrition
N
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Menopause
M
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Thinning Hair
T
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STIs
S
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Respiratory Issuses
R
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Quality of Life
Q
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Xeroderma
X
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Weight Management
W
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Vasomotor Symptoms (VMS)
V
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UTIs
U
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Zieve's Syndrome
Z
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Yeast Infections
Y
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Next: CERVICAL CANCER
PREV: Autoimmune Diseases
Dr. Laila Agrawal
Oncologist
LA
Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
Treatment varies by stage and includes surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy or some combination. Early detection through regular screenings drastically improves outcomes, highlighting the importance of preventive care.
HPV is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, capable of triggering six types of cancer, including cervical, vaginal and vulvar cancer. Annually in the U.S., more than 13,000 individuals receive a cervical cancer diagnosis, with about 4,000 women dying from the disease every year. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that women undergo cervical cancer screening every five to 10 years, beginning at age 30.
Women should have their first Pap smear at age 21 and continue regular screenings as recommended by their healthcare provider. Symptoms like unusual bleeding, persistent pelvic pain or abnormal discharge warrant immediate medical attention.
Though cervical cancer is preventable through vaccination and routine screenings, it remains a significant health issue. Women in low-income or underserved areas are at greater risk due to limited access to Pap smears or HPV testing.
In May, the FDA approved tests from Roche, as well as Becton, Dickinson and Company (BD), that allow women to detect HPV without needing a pelvic exam by a doctor. Now, instead of the traditional method, you can perform a self-collection right in the doctor’s office.
Flow Space Advisory Council member Dr. Jessica Shepherd, a board-certified OB-GYN, explains that this access is vital and calls the FDA’s approval of these tests a significant step forward.
“Self-sampling for HPV is an innovative and cost-effective way to perform screenings,” Shepherd says. “This access is crucial, especially since up to 50% of women diagnosed with cervical cancer have never been screened.”
Dr. Jessica Shepherd
OB-GYN
JS
Self-sampling for HPV is an innovative and cost-effective way to perform screenings. This access is crucial, especially since up to 50% of women diagnosed with cervical cancer have never been screened.
Cervical cancer begins in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is most commonly caused by persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) strains. Early stages often have no symptoms, but advanced cases may present with irregular bleeding, pelvic pain or discomfort during intercourse.
Cervical Cancer
C
Next: diabetes
PREV: Breast Cancer
Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
Management typically includes lifestyle changes, glucose monitoring, medications like insulin and education on healthy eating. Early diagnosis and proper care can help prevent complications and improve quality of life.
Signs to watch for include increased thirst, frequent urination, extreme fatigue or unexplained weight changes. If you have risk factors such as obesity, a sedentary lifestyle or a family history of diabetes, discuss screening with your doctor.
Diabetes affects women uniquely, especially during pregnancy (gestational diabetes) and menopause. Hormonal shifts can impact blood sugar levels, and poorly controlled diabetes increases risks for heart disease, kidney damage and nerve issues. Women with diabetes are also at a higher risk of depression and eating disorders.
Diabetes is a chronic condition characterized by the body’s inability to regulate blood sugar levels, leading to serious complications if untreated. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the immune system attacks insulin-producing cells, while Type 2 diabetes develops due to insulin resistance.
Diabetes (Both Type 1 and Type 2 affect women uniquely)
D
PREV: cERVICAL Cancer
Next: ENDOMETRIOSIS
Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
There’s no cure for endometriosis, but treatment can make a big difference. Options include hormonal therapies like birth control pills or IUDs, pain management or surgery to remove the tissue. Working with a specialist who understands the condition is key to finding the right approach for you.
If you’re experiencing severe menstrual cramps that don’t improve with over-the-counter pain relief medications, heavy periods or ongoing pelvic pain, it’s worth discussing with your doctor. Other signs include pain during intercourse or while using the bathroom, particularly during menstruation.
Endometriosis affects roughly one in 10 women of reproductive age, yet it’s notoriously tricky to diagnose—on average, it can take up to seven years to get an accurate diagnosis. Left untreated, the condition can lead to ongoing pain and complications with fertility, significantly impacting quality of life.
In May, Congresswoman Nikema Williams (D-GA) reintroduced the bipartisan Endometriosis CARE Act, originally brought to the House in 2022 by Rep. Lauren Underwood (D-IL). The updated bill increases its proposed funding, calling for $50 million annually—up from $30 million—to boost endometriosis research and improve access to treatment.
“Endometriosis impacts every aspect of a woman’s life, including her physical and mental health, career and relationships, yet there is a glaring lack of scientific innovation and public awareness, and overwhelming stigma,” Underwood, a co-sponsor of the reintroduced act, says. “The Endometriosis CARE Act will make sure we’re making proper investments in research so we can better understand this disease, paving a path for better treatment options.”
Lauren Underwood
Congersswoman (IL-14)
LU
Endometriosis impacts every aspect of a woman’s life, including her physical and mental health, career and relationships, yet there is a glaring lack of scientific innovation and public awareness, and overwhelming stigma.
Endometriosis happens when tissue similar to the lining of your uterus grows outside of it, often in places like the ovaries, fallopian tubes or even the bladder. This condition can cause significant discomfort, with symptoms like chronic pelvic pain, heavy periods and, for some, infertility.
Endometriosis
E
PREV: Diabetes
Next: Fibromyalgia
Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
While there’s no cure for fibromyalgia, treatments focus on managing symptoms. Options include medications like pain relievers or antidepressants, physical therapy, regular exercise, stress management and cognitive behavioral therapy. A personalized approach often works best, so collaborating with your healthcare provider is key.
If you’re dealing with persistent, widespread pain, extreme fatigue or cognitive issues that don’t improve with rest or medication, it’s time to consult a doctor. It’s especially important to rule out other conditions with similar symptoms.
Fibromyalgia disproportionately affects women, with about 80-90% of cases diagnosed in women, typically between the ages of 30 and 50. The condition can interfere with daily activities, work, and relationships, significantly affecting quality of life. While it isn’t life-threatening, its symptoms can mimic other conditions like arthritis or lupus, making diagnosis challenging.
Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition characterized by widespread pain, fatigue and difficulty concentrating, often referred to as "fibro fog." The exact cause isn’t fully understood, but it’s thought to involve how the brain processes pain signals, amplifying sensitivity to pain. Triggers like stress, infections or physical trauma can exacerbate symptoms.
Fibromyalgia
F
PREV: Endometriosis
Next: gingivitis
Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
Treatment begins with a professional cleaning to remove plaque and tartar, followed by improved at-home oral hygiene. Brushing twice a day, flossing daily and regular dental checkups are essential for preventing and managing gingivitis. For more severe cases, procedures like scaling and root planing may be necessary.
If you notice symptoms like swollen, tender gums, bleeding while brushing or flossing, or persistent bad breath, schedule a dental visit. Early intervention can prevent more serious complications and protect overall health.
Hormonal changes during different life stages uniquely impact women’s oral health, and midlife is no exception, according to data from Delta Dental’s first Senior Oral Health and Menopause Survey
As estrogen levels decline during perimenopause and menopause, women may experience menopausal gingivostomatitis, which can cause dry, bleeding or swollen gums and increased sensitivity. Reduced saliva flow during this time also makes it easier for plaque to accumulate, heightening the risk of gum inflammation.
Midlife is also when conditions like osteoporosis and diabetes—both linked to worsening gum disease—become more common. Osteoporosis, in particular, can weaken the bone supporting teeth, increasing the likelihood of tooth loss if gingivitis progresses to periodontitis.
Gingivitis is a mild form of gum disease that causes irritation, redness and swelling in the gums. It’s often the result of plaque buildup on teeth due to poor oral hygiene. Left untreated, gingivitis can progress to more serious gum disease (periodontitis), potentially leading to tooth loss.
Gingivitis
G
PREV: Fibromyalgia
Next: Heart disease
Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
Preventing heart disease involves lifestyle changes such as eating a heart-healthy diet, exercising and maintaining a healthy weight. Medications may be needed to manage high blood pressure, cholesterol and other risk factors. In some cases, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may be considered but should be discussed with a doctor.
If you notice chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue or dizziness, seek medical attention. Regular check-ups to monitor cholesterol, blood pressure and heart function are crucial, particularly after menopause.
Women face unique risks for heart disease, particularly as they enter menopause and beyond.
“Women have a protective effect from estrogen, but as we age and go through menopause, our risk of cardiovascular disease increases,” Dr. Tracy Paeschke, a double board-certified cardiologist specializing in preventive cardiology, says. “The same risk factors that increase risk of heart disease in men are also present in women, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, family history, high cholesterol, obesity and smoking.”
These conditions are not only more common in women as they age but are also linked to increased stress levels and weight gain, both of which can exacerbate heart disease risk. Moreover, heart disease symptoms in women can differ from those seen in men.
For example, while men often experience chest pain, women are more likely to have symptoms like nausea, dizziness and discomfort in the back, jaw or arms, which can make it harder to recognize heart attacks early.
Dr. Tracy Paesckle
Cardiologist
TP
Women have a protective effect from estrogen, but as we age and go through menopause, our risk of cardiovascular disease increases.
Heart disease is the leading cause of death for women in the U.S. and becomes a greater risk as women age, particularly after menopause. The decline in estrogen during this time increases the risk of high blood pressure, high cholesterol and abdominal fat accumulation—all contributing to heart disease. Women may also experience heart attack symptoms differently than men, which can make detection more challenging.
“Heart disease grows silently in our heart arteries. Worse than cancer, these growths can burst and trigger a sudden heart attack or cardiac arrest (hence the need to screen for early disease),” Dr. Michael V. McConnell, a cardiologist and clinical professor of cardiovascular medicine at Stanford University’s School of Medicine, says. “If a woman makes it to the hospital, the symptoms are often not recognized as heart disease because women can present with shortness of breath or fatigue and not always the classic chest pain.”
Heart Disease
H
PREV: gingivitis
Next: Interstitial Cystitis
Managing IC often involves lifestyle changes, such as avoiding bladder irritants like caffeine, alcohol or spicy foods. Pelvic floor therapy, bladder training and medications to relieve pain or reduce inflammation can also help. In severe cases, bladder instillations or surgical procedures may be considered. Working with a healthcare provider is key to finding the right treatment plan to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
IC is most common in women, with about 90% of those affected being female, according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The condition can often be mistaken for a urinary tract infection (UTI), delaying diagnosis and treatment. Hormonal changes, especially during menopause, can make symptoms worse, as lower estrogen levels can cause thinning of the bladder lining and weaken the pelvic floor, exacerbating pain and urgency. Women with other conditions, such as fibromyalgia or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), may also experience IC, making it harder to manage.
Interstitial cystitis (IC), or bladder pain syndrome, is a chronic condition that causes bladder pain, frequent urination and urgency. The exact cause is unclear, but it’s believed that a defect in the bladder lining may allow urine to irritate the bladder walls, leading to inflammation. Symptoms can include pelvic pain, pressure in the bladder and discomfort during urination.
Interstitial Cystitis
I
PREV: Heart dISEASE
Next: jOINT Disorders
Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
Managing joint disorders typically includes lifestyle changes like regular exercise, weight management and physical therapy to reduce pain and improve function. Medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are often prescribed for pain relief and inflammation. In severe cases, joint replacement surgery may be considered. Early intervention is key to preserving joint health and mobility.
If you experience joint pain, swelling, stiffness or trouble moving, it’s important to see a healthcare provider. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent further damage and help manage symptoms.
Women are more likely than men to develop joint disorders, especially as they age. Osteoarthritis becomes more common after menopause due to hormonal changes, including a drop in estrogen, which impacts joint health.
Additionally, autoimmune conditions, like rheumatoid arthritis, affect women more frequently and can lead to long-term joint damage if not properly treated. Hormonal shifts, obesity and joint injuries can also increase the risk for these conditions as women age.
Joint disorders, such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthriti and lupus, cause pain, stiffness and swelling in the joints. Osteoarthritis, the most common form, results from the breakdown of cartilage over time. Rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune conditions cause inflammation that can lead to joint damage.
Joint Disorders
J
PREV: interstitial Cystitis
Next: Kidney disease
Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
Treating kidney disease focuses on managing underlying conditions like diabetes and hypertension. Medications for blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar may be prescribed. In advanced stages, dialysis or a kidney transplant may be necessary. Early detection is key to slowing the progression of kidney disease, so regular check-ups and monitoring are essential.
If you notice symptoms like swelling in the legs or ankles, fatigue or changes in urination, it’s important to see a doctor. Regular kidney function screenings are recommended, especially if you have diabetes, high blood pressure or a family history of kidney disease.
Women are at higher risk for kidney disease, especially those with autoimmune conditions like lupus, which disproportionately affect women. Kidney issues are also more common in women with high blood pressure or diabetes, which become more prevalent in midlife.
Additionally, hormonal changes during menopause can affect kidney function, increasing the risk of kidney disease and complications like proteinuria (excess protein in urine).
Kidney disease occurs when the kidneys cannot effectively filter waste and fluid from the blood, leading to conditions like chronic kidney disease (CKD) or kidney failure. It can develop due to high blood pressure, diabetes or other health issues, with symptoms including leg swelling, fatigue and changes in urination.
Kidney Disease
K
PREV: jOINT Disorders
Next: Lyme disease
Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
Lyme disease is typically treated with antibiotics, and early treatment can prevent long-term complications. In more severe cases, longer courses of antibiotics or intravenous treatments may be needed. Managing symptoms like joint pain or fatigue may require additional medications or therapies, including anti-inflammatory drugs and physical therapy. Preventing Lyme disease involves using tick repellents, wearing protective clothing and performing tick checks after spending time outdoors in areas where ticks are prevalent.
If you develop flu-like symptoms, a rash or experience unexplained joint pain after a tick bite, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider. Early treatment with antibiotics is crucial to prevent the disease from progressing into more severe stages.
Lyme disease affects both men and women, but women are more likely to experience long-term symptoms, especially if not diagnosed early. Hormonal factors may influence the severity and duration of symptoms, with women sometimes experiencing more intense and prolonged effects.
Lyme disease can also trigger autoimmune responses in women, leading to conditions like arthritis or chronic fatigue syndrome. Additionally, Lyme disease is often harder to diagnose in women, as the symptoms can mimic other conditions, leading to delays in treatment.
Lyme disease is an infectious disease caused by the Borrelia bacteria, which is spread through the bite of infected black-legged ticks. Early symptoms often include fever, fatigue, headache and a distinctive bullseye-shaped rash. If untreated, the infection can lead to more serious complications like joint pain, neurological issues and heart problems.
Lyme Disease
L
PREV: Kidney Disease
Next: Menopause
Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
Managing menopause symptoms often involves a combination of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to balance estrogen and progesterone and non-hormonal treatments for specific symptoms. Lifestyle changes like exercise, stress management and a balanced diet can help improve well-being. In some cases, medications for mood disorders or sleep problems may be necessary. Women experiencing menopause should work with their healthcare providers to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their unique needs and risks.
If menopause symptoms become overwhelming or interfere with daily life, it’s a good idea to consult a healthcare provider. There are many options available to manage symptoms, such as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), lifestyle changes and medications. Regular screenings for bone density and heart health are also important as the risk for these conditions increases after menopause.
Menopause brings significant hormonal changes that can affect physical, emotional and mental health. The drop in estrogen increases the risk of osteoporosis and heart disease, while symptoms like hot flashes and sleep disturbances can impact overall quality of life.
“Menopause transforms your body in ways you might not expect—sometimes it whispers, and sometimes it screams,” Javaid says. “It’s not just about the classic hot flashes or night sweats; it changes your skin, joints, sleep patterns and, yes, even your libido. The vaginal tissue thins, the microbiome shifts and these changes can lead to issues like painful sex or recurrent infections.”
Dr. Somi Javaid
OB-GYN
SJ
It’s not just about the classic hot flashes or night sweats; it changes your skin, joints, sleep patterns and, yes, even your libido. The vaginal tissue thins, the microbiome shifts and these changes can lead to issues like painful sex or recurrent infections.
Menopause is a natural biological process marking the end of a woman’s menstrual cycle, typically occurring between the ages of 45 and 55. It’s diagnosed after 12 months without a period and is often accompanied by symptoms like hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings and vaginal dryness.
“Think of menopause as your hormones finding a new rhythm,” Dr. Somi Javaid, a board-certified OB-GYN and founder of HerMD, says. “Estrogen, which has supported everything from your brain to your bones to your heart, starts to decline as your ovaries decrease production of estrogen. This creates a ripple effect: bone density decreases, cardiovascular risk increases and brain chemistry changes, leading to mood swings and cognitive changes.”
Menopause
M
PREV: Lyme Disease
Next: nutrition
of women diagnosed with cervical cancer have never been screened.
50%
Endometriosis affects one in 10 women in of reproductive age
Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
Maintaining a balanced, nutrient-rich diet is essential. Women should focus on eating a variety of whole foods, including fruits, vegetables, lean proteins and healthy fats, while minimizing processed foods high in sugar, salt and unhealthy fats. Supplements, including calcium, vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids, may be necessary for some women, particularly if diet alone is not sufficient to meet their needs. Working with a nutritionist can help develop a personalized eating plan that supports long-term health, addressing both immediate and future nutritional needs.
If you're experiencing unusual fatigue, hair loss or signs of nutritional deficiencies like brittle nails, poor skin or digestive issues, it may be time to consult a healthcare provider or nutritionist. Regular check-ups and lab work can help assess any gaps in your diet and guide adjustments to meet your unique nutritional needs.
As women age, their nutritional needs evolve. During menopause, for example, the drop in estrogen levels can affect bone density, increasing the need for calcium and vitamin D. Women are also at a higher risk for heart disease, so heart-healthy fats, fiber and antioxidants become even more crucial.
Additionally, iron levels may decrease after menopause due to the cessation of menstruation, requiring adjustments in diet. Weight management can also become more challenging in midlife due to a slower metabolism, making a nutrient-dense diet even more important for maintaining energy levels and preventing obesity-related health issues.
Nutrition plays a critical role in maintaining overall health, particularly as women age. A balanced diet rich in vitamins, minerals, proteins and healthy fats supports bodily functions, helps manage weight and reduces the risk of chronic conditions like heart disease, diabetes and osteoporosis. Key nutrients such as calcium, vitamin D and iron are especially important during different life stages, including during menopause and beyond.
Nutrition
N
PREV: menopause
Next: osteoporosis
Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
Treatment focuses on slowing bone loss and maintaining strength. Options include medications like bisphosphonates, hormone therapy, calcium and vitamin D supplements, as well as weight-bearing exercises. A diet rich in calcium and regular physical activity are key preventative measures.
If you’ve had fractures from minor falls, experience loss of height or notice a hunched posture, it’s time to consult a healthcare provider. Bone density testing (DEXA scans) can assess your risk and guide interventions.
“As estrogen plays a crucial role in maintaining bone strength and estrogen levels decline post-menopause, consulting with a healthcare provider about hormone therapy might be helpful,” Dr. Andy Fata-Chan, a physical therapist and fitness coach at Moment Physical Therapy & Performance in New York City, told Flow Space while reporting on a previous article about osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis is often called a "silent disease" because there are typically no symptoms until a fracture occurs. Women are at higher risk due to lower bone density and the significant hormonal shifts during menopause. Up to 50% of women over 50 will experience an osteoporosis-related fracture, making proactive management critical.
Dr. Andy Fata-Chan
Physical Therapist
AC
As estrogen plays a crucial role in maintaining bone strength and estrogen levels decline post-menopause, consulting with a healthcare provider about hormone therapy might be helpful.
Osteoporosis is a condition where bones become weak and brittle, increasing the risk of fractures, especially in the hips, spine and wrists. It occurs when bone density decreases faster than the body can replace it. Hormonal changes, particularly the drop in estrogen during menopause, play a significant role in bone loss in women.
Osteoporosis
O
PREV: nutrition
Next: Perimenopause
Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
Treatment may include lifestyle adjustments, HRT or medications to address specific symptoms. Regular exercise, stress management and a balanced diet can also help ease the transition.
“A woman should seek treatment when she starts feeling ‘something's not right,’ fatigue due to poor sleep, brain fog, depression, irritability and/or possible cognitive symptoms, such as brain fog,” Hoppe explains. “Some women even begin to doubt their mental capacity and think it's early dementia, leading to fewer work hours and less advancement for work opportunities.”
Despite lab tests being ‘normal,’ many things can be done to help alleviate these symptoms,” Hoppe continues. “It is imperative that every woman find a doctor who listens to her and does not dismiss these symptoms.”
Your doctor can also rule out other conditions and recommend appropriate interventions, such as hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
“It's critical that women understand how their bodies are changing during this time of life, moving from a reproductive stage to a non-reproductive stage, so they understand why these changes are happening and how they can have a significant impact on their future health,” explains Dr. Diane Hoppe, an award-winning board-certified OB-GYN and founder of Amazing Over 40, her personal telemedicine practice. Perimenopause affects each woman differently but often brings symptoms such as irregular periods, hot flashes, mood swings, sleep disturbances, brain fog and decreased libido.
“It is imperative for women in their late 30s to early 40s to be proactive about their health, even before perimenopause, so they can protect their bones (20% loss of bone mass occurs during perimenopause), reduce the risk of metabolic conditions, such as type 2 diabetes, and recognize the increased risk of heart disease and changing cholesterol levels due to fluctuating estrogen and progesterone levels during the perimenopausal transition,” Hoppe cautions.
She also offers a free downloadable symptom tracker on her website, which she says is “a wonderful tool during this period of time to help monitor and manage symptoms during perimenopause.”
Dr. Diane Hoppe
OB-GYN
It is imperative that every woman find a doctor who listens to her and does not dismiss these symptoms.
Perimenopause is the transitional period before menopause, characterized by fluctuating hormones and physical changes. It can last anywhere from two to 10 years, although the average length for most women is around four years. It most often begins in a woman’s early 40s; however, some women may begin experiencing perimenopausal symptoms as early as their mid-30s.
Perimenopause
p
PREV: osteoporosis
Next: QUALITY OF LIFE
DH
Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
Focus on self-care strategies such as regular exercise, prioritizing mental health, fostering social connections and maintaining a nutrient-rich diet. Professional guidance can provide tailored solutions to enhance well-being.
If you’re feeling persistently overwhelmed, anxious or disconnected, reaching out to a healthcare provider, therapist or support group can be invaluable.
Stress, fatigue and health issues can significantly impact quality of life. Ignoring these factors can lead to chronic conditions, strained relationships and reduced life satisfaction.
Quality of life should be a key consideration for women navigating midlife changes. Physical, emotional and social well-being often shift during this time due to hormonal fluctuations, aging and life circumstances.
Quality of Life
Q
PREV: perimenopause
Next: respiratory Issues
Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
Management may include inhalers, medications to reduce inflammation, pulmonary rehabilitation and avoiding triggers like smoke or allergens. Staying active and maintaining a healthy weight can also improve lung function.
Persistent coughing, wheezing or shortness of breath warrant medical attention. If you smoke or are frequently exposed to irritants, proactive screenings are crucial.
Lung health often declines with age, and conditions like asthma may worsen during menopause due to hormonal shifts. Respiratory illnesses can lead to fatigue, decreased activity and a reduced quality of life.
Respiratory issues like asthma, COPD or chronic bronchitis are conditions that affect the lungs and airways. Midlife women may experience exacerbations due to environmental factors, hormonal changes or pre-existing conditions.
Respiratory Issues
R
PREV: Quality of life
Next: sTIs
Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
Most STIs are treatable with antibiotics or antivirals. In fact, syphilis is easily cured with just a round of antibiotics. Prevention, including condom use and HPV vaccination, is key to reducing risk. Open communication with partners about sexual health, and undergoing regular testing if any behavior veers into what could be considered risky, is also vital.
Regular screenings are essential, especially if you’re sexually active with new or multiple partners. Many STIs don’t cause immediate symptoms, so open communication with your sex partner and your healthcare provider is crucial. Symptoms like unusual discharge, itching or pelvic pain should be evaluated promptly. The appearance of a small solitary, painless sore—typically firm and round, although they occasionally can be open and wet—found on your genitals, anus, lips and/or mouth area is called a chancre, and it’s the first sign of a syphilis infection. If you spot one, definitely go see your doctor, and consider yourself lucky.
They often appear in places that are extremely difficult to see, like deep inside the vagina, and if left untreated, you’ll move on to secondary stage syphilis. While it can be cured regardless of the stage, later-stage syphilis can cause irreversible permanent damage to the body, so the earlier you treat the infection, the better.
Honestly, the statistics alone should be enough to have midlife women concerned. A separate study that analyzed STI diagnoses between 2020 and 2023 found that the percentage of women diagnosed with syphilis during that time period increased by 46.5%, more than double the increase of cases found in men. That same study, based on analysis of data from FAIR Health’s repository of over 47 billion commercial healthcare claim records, also found that rates of HPV, the leading cause of cervical cancer, increased for all adult age groups over 35.
And that doesn’t even begin to get into menopause. Hormonal shifts, especially the significant drop in estrogen levels that occurs during menopause, can make the vaginal lining thinner, increasing susceptibility to infections. Postmenopausal women no longer have to take into consideration the possibility of getting pregnant before sex and may be less likely to use protection, sometimes forgetting that condoms don’t only stop sperm from swimming upstream, they also stop STIs from spreading between partners.
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)—such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes and HPV—can occur at any age but, until quite recently, have been overlooked in midlife. In 2023, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) raised the alarm about a massive spike in STI rates among adults aged 55 and older, calling it an “epidemic” with “no signs of slowing.” While more recently released CDC surveillance data shows that the number of STIs declined from 2022 to 2023 for the first time since 2011, the 1.8% year-over-year decrease still pales in comparison to the 42% increase in reported STI cases between 2011 and 2021. Health officials credit this recent decrease to a 7.2% decline in gonorrhea cases. However, 2023 constituted the most syphilis cases reported in the U.S. since 1950.
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PREV: Respiratory Issues
Next: THinning Hair
Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
Lifestyle changes, stress management and a nutrient-rich diet can support hair health. James recommends supplements like Viviscal and essential nutrients like vitamin D, C and B, along with iron and zinc. Specialized treatments such as scalp care routines and medical interventions may also be effective.
“If you have noticed your scalp is burning and painful to touch, and you have noticed a lot of shedding, it is time to see a specialist,” James explains. “When you notice your hair texture has changed and/or more hair falls out than usual. Then, it is time to see a specialist, a trichologist or a hair dermatologist.” In addition, she noted that you should consult a trichologist if your scalp gets very itchy, looks greasy and your hair is limp and lifeless, consulting a trichologist should be your next step.
“When women enter midlife, there are changes in our chemistry that we should be aware of,” James explains, noting that the decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels that cause most menopause symptoms can lead to hair shedding and female paternity baldness. However, one of the leading factors behind thinning hair might just be stress, which often begins to increase for women in midlife.
“Stress will make your hair fall out, change texture and cause scalp problems. Chronic stress can affect every physiological system in your body,” James says, noting that to avoid stress-related hair issues women should: “Avoid toxic people, get the rest you need, stay active, maintain social connections and eat healthy foods.” James also noted that certain medications, poor diet and vitamin deficiencies can all also lead to thinning hair or female hair loss. “Our hair follicles need to be fed with proteins, amino acids and vitamins to maintain the thickness of the hair shaft and keep the hair in the growing stage,” she explains.
Penny James
Certified Trichologist
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Stress will make your hair fall out, change texture and cause scalp problems. Chronic stress can affect every physiological system in your body. Avoid toxic people, get the rest you need, stay active, maintain social connections and eat healthy foods.
“Entering midlife is an exciting time to embrace our newfound inner confidence from years of experience, and if we take good care of ourselves, our hair will continue to look good into old age,” Penny James, a certified trichologist and founder of Penny James Trichology Center, tells Flow Space. “We all get older, and so do our hair follicles. Our hair shaft shrinks, the older we get. But there is no need to have premature aging hair.” While there are ways to prevent thinning hair, it’s still a common concern for women as they enter midlife.
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Next: UTIs
Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
Antibiotics are the primary treatment. Preventative measures include staying hydrated, urinating after intercourse and considering vaginal estrogen therapy if recommended.
Symptoms like a burning sensation during urination, frequent urination or cloudy urine should prompt a visit to your healthcare provider.
Postmenopausal women are at higher risk due to thinning vaginal tissue and changes in urinary tract flora caused by declining estrogen levels.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are infections caused by microorganisms, most often bacteria, affecting the bladder, urethra or kidneys. The bacteria travel up through the urethra, adhering to the urinary tract lining, and once attached, they multiply and cause inflammation.
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Next: Vasomotor Symptoms (VMS)
Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is highly effective at combating VMS. However, if HRT is not an option, doctors may prescribe non-hormonal medications like Veozah or antidepressants. For some, simple lifestyle modifications, such as layering clothing and staying cool at night, may be enough to help VMS subside.
If symptoms interfere significantly with daily life, consult a healthcare provider to explore options.
“[VMS] can happen anytime, anywhere, at work, out at a social event or at home,” Dr. Jen Ashton, former chief medical correspondent for ABC News and renowned OB-GYN, previously told Flow Space. “It can disrupt sleep. It can disrupt mood, concentration. It’s not just an inconvenience; it has the potential for really disrupting a woman’s life, her productivity, and also her health.”
VMS may indicate increased cardiovascular risk in some women.
Dr. Jen Ashton
OB-GYN
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[VMS] can happen anytime, anywhere, at work, out at a social event or at home.
Vasomotor symptoms (VMS), such as hot flashes and night sweats, are hallmark signs of menopause caused by fluctuating hormone levels. Approximately 50% of women going into menopause, or currently experiencing it, deal with moderate to severe VMS.
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Next: Weight Management
Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
The primary treatment is alcohol cessation, often accompanied by supportive care for liver health, such as hydration, balanced nutrition and vitamin supplementation. In addition, management of the underlying liver disease, such as alcoholic hepatitis or cirrhosis is critical, and can often require use of medications. Blood transfusions may be needed to address anemia, as well as monitoring lipid levels to address hyperlipidemia could potentially be necessary.
Persistent fatigue, jaundice or abdominal pain are signs to seek immediate medical attention. However, if you think you are drinking too much and need help to stop, you seek professional help before you damage your liver, let alone develop Zieve’s Syndrome.
Although rare, this condition highlights the impact of alcohol on the liver and overall health. Women process alcohol differently than men, often leading to more severe effects over time.
“We know that alcohol weighs down the liver. It has to be metabolized in the liver,” Dr. Taz Bhatia, a board-certified integrative medicine physician and wellness expert, previously told Flow Space. “One of the biggest issues for women in perimenopause and menopause is that the body does slow down. The gut slows down, the liver slows down. You have sort of the sum of our sins, so to speak, living in the body that all our different organs have to process and have to metabolize.”
Plus, studies show that excessive drinking is on the rise for midlife women; during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, alcohol-related deaths for midlife women increased by a staggering 42 percent in just one year. And more recent research indicates that women who recently turned 35, as well as women who haven’t had children by age 35, are the two subgroups of women at the highest risk of binge drinking and having symptoms of alcohol use disorder (AUD).
Dr. Taz Bhatia
Board-Certified Integrative Medicine Physician
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One of the biggest issues for women in perimenopause and menopause is that the body does slow down. The gut slows down, the liver slows down.
Zieve’s Syndrome is a rare condition associated with chronic alcoholism, characterized by jaundice, anemia and abdominal pain. It typically occurs in those who have already damaged their liver due to excessive drinking.
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PREV: Yeast Infections
Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
Antifungal creams, suppositories or oral medications are effective treatments. Probiotics and maintaining good hygiene can help prevent recurrence.
If you notice itching, burning or thick discharge, consult a doctor. Recurrent infections may require further investigation.
As estrogen levels decrease during menopause, women may experience more frequent infections due to vaginal tissue changes and a disrupted pH balance.
Yeast infections, caused by overgrowth of the fungus Candida, are common and often linked to hormonal fluctuations. While many types exist, such as oral thrush, cutaneous yeast infections, system candidiasis and even diaper rash, the term is most commonly used to describe vaginal yeast infections. Symptoms often include itching, burning, redness, white discharge and discomfort during urination or intercourse.
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PREV: Xeroderma
Next: Zieve's Syndrome
Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
Moisturizers with ceramides, hyaluronic acid or urea can help, along with avoiding harsh soaps. Staying hydrated and using a humidifier can also alleviate symptoms. For those unable to fix xeroderma with over-the-counter solutions, doctors may consider prescribing hormone replacement therapy (HRT), topical estrogen creams or non-hormonal treatments like selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs).
If dryness persists despite moisturizing or leads to cracking and/or bleeding, seek advice from a dermatologist.
For women in midlife, as estrogen levels drop, reducing skin elasticity and hydration, xeroderma can become even more common. Dry skin can lead to irritation, itching and an increased risk of infections. It may also impact confidence if left unaddressed.
Xeroderma (often referred to as xerosis) is a medical term for abnormally dry skin. It is a common condition caused by the loss of moisture in the outer layer of the skin. While usually not serious, xeroderma can lead to discomfort, itching, scaling and sometimes cracking, which can increase the risk of infection.
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PREV: Weight Management
Next: Yeast Infections
Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
Focus on a balanced diet, regular exercise and mindful eating habits. Medical support like nutrition counseling or medications may help in some cases.
“Trust your instincts—your body has amazing ways of letting you know when something needs attention. If you notice unexpected changes in your weight or new patterns like disrupted sleep, unusual fatigue or mood shifts that don't feel like 'you,' that's your body communicating with you,” Kumar tells Flow Space. “While it's natural for women's health to evolve throughout our lives, we aren't meant to feel disconnected from our bodies.”
“Listen to your body's signals and don't hesitate to seek support early if something feels off,” Kumar continues. “As a specialist, I find that what initially seems like a weight concern often connects to other aspects of health. Understanding these connections early helps you make informed decisions about your wellbeing—on your own terms.”
“While weight is in the cultural spotlight more than ever, I encourage women to think differently about weight management in midlife—it's not about chasing trending body ideals or a number on the scale, but about tuning into your body during a time of natural change,” explains Dr. Rekha Kumar, an endocrinologist, obesity medicine specialist and chief medical officer of Found, an evidence-based weight care platform. “As a doctor specializing in women's health, I see weight as just one piece of an intricate health puzzle, not the whole story.”
“Your body's patterns can tell us so much about your overall wellbeing, from hormonal balance to heart health. When your hormones are in sync, they positively impact everything from sleep to daily energy,” Kumar adds. “That's why I help my patients focus on their unique health goals and identify any barriers—physical or hormonal—that might be standing in their way. The goal isn't to be thin; it's to feel vibrant and healthy in your own body.”
That being said, excess weight can increase the risk of heart disease, diabetes and joint issues, which makes managing weight critical for overall health and mobility.
Dr. Rekha Kumar
Endocrinologist & Obesity Medicine Specialist
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Your body's patterns can tell us so much about your overall wellbeing, from hormonal balance to heart health. When your hormones are in sync, they positively impact everything from sleep to daily energy.
Weight often becomes harder to manage with age due to a slower metabolism and hormonal changes.
Weight Management
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PREV: Vasomotor Symptoms (VMS)
Next: Xeroderma
The most common source of UTIs is Escherichia coli (E. coli), a bacterium typically found in the gastrointestinal tract, which causes 80-90% of UTIs.
90% Escherichia coli (E. coli)
10% Other causes
Increase in Syphilis Diagnoses (2020-2023)
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Cervical Cancer Statistics in the U.S.
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Why should women be concerned?
When to see a doctor
Treatment Options
If you experience pelvic pain, frequent urination or pain during urination for weeks or months, it’s time to see a doctor. A urologist can help diagnose IC and rule out other conditions, ensuring you get the right treatment.
